>50% of pain variability
involves genetic factors.1
50-68%
“Genetic influences account for approximately 50% of the variance in chronic pain” and between “52% to 68% for lower back pain” — the most common chronic pain.1,2
Beyond 0-10 scales and the “Science by Emoji” of smiley-face to frowny-face assessments, genetics, stress, and demographics can be analyzed using AI to objectively assess pain sensitivity.
Personalized Pain Assessment
Replace subjective assessments with objective analysis to guide treatment & recovery from pain.
Collect the Specimen & Medications
A simple swab and form provide the biological and information specimen we need.
Analysis Instead of Guessing
Instead of a subjective assessment, a clinician can make a better-informed decision on how to treat pain and how to guide rehabilitation, physical therapy, and recovery.
Risk Mitigation
Reduce the burden of pain treatment through objective assessments to personalize treatment involving a multi-modal approach that considers stress, psychology, and pain perception.
Precision Pain Assessment Using Genetics & AI
We analyze a proprietary haplotype of genetic variations in the Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) gene, along with stress (Perceived Stress Scale), age, gender, and other factors to objectively assess pain perception.
“Science by Emoji” Is Failing
The 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) is the standard subjective pain assessment used today — published research shows it consistently falls short.
N=275
The NRS “may have only modest accuracy for identifying patients with clinically important pain in primary care.”3
N=528
In practice, the NRS is “less accurate than under ideal circumstances.”4
N=300
“The quality of pain care was unchanged before and after the pain initiative… patients who reported substantial pain…had inadequate pain management.”5
Proove Pain Perception® Succeeds With Better Data
Covers 96% of the World's Population
Proove Pain Perception evaluates a haplotype of the COMT gene that accounts for 96% of the world's population, and correlated with sensitivity to experimental pain (p<0.0004).6
Associated With Multiple Forms of Pain
The same genetic haplotype has been shown to be associated with multiple pain-evoking stimuli, not just one type of pain.7
A Mechanism Rooted in Molecular Biology
The variants studied influence messenger RNA local stem-loop structures, directing downstream COMT protein levels and enzymatic activity — the biological basis for differences in pain processing.8
Sex & Stress Modify Pain Sensitivity
Phenotypes related to sex and psychological stress were associated with pain sensitivity, which is why Proove Pain Perception also evaluates the Perceived Stress Scale, age, and gender alongside genetics.9
Proove Pain Perception®: Clinical Utility Data
Published outcomes from clinics that used Proove Pain Perception results to guide treatment.10
40%
of patients had treatment plans changed based on results
72%
showed improvement when medications were adjusted
69%
of physicians saw improvement from non-pharmacological changes
85%
of physicians found results consistent with patient pain levels
Frequently Asked Questions
Answers to the most common questions about Proove Pain Perception.
The haplotype Proove Pain Perception evaluates accounts for 96% of the world's population, and its correlation with pain sensitivity to experimental pain has been shown at p<0.0004. Because genetics account for only part of pain variability, the profile also evaluates stress (via the Perceived Stress Scale), age, gender, and other factors to provide a more complete picture.
Optimize Medication Management?
Replace subjective pain scales with an objective, genetics-backed assessment.
References
- [1] Fillingim RB, Wallace MR, Herbstman DM, Ribeiro-Dasilva M, Staud R. Genetic contributions to pain: a review of findings in humans. Oral Dis. 2008 Nov;14(8):673-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01458.x. PMID: 19193196; PMCID: PMC2667226.
- [2] Macgregor AJ, Andrew T, Sambrook PN, Spector TD. Structural, psychological, and genetic influences on low back and neck pain: a study of adult female twins. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:160–167. PMID: 15077255.
- [3] Krebs EE, Carey TS, Weinberger M. Accuracy of the pain numeric rating scale as a screening test in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Oct;22(10):1453-8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0321-2. PMID: 17668269; PMCID: PMC2305860.
- [4] Lorenz KA, Sherbourne CD, Shugarman LR, Rubenstein LV, Wen L, Cohen A, Goebel JR, Hagenmeier E, Simon B, Lanto A, Asch SM. How reliable is pain as the fifth vital sign? J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 May-Jun;22(3):291-8. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080162. PMID: 19429735.
- [5] Mularski RA, White-Chu F, Overbay D, Miller L, Asch SM, Ganzini L. Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 Jun;21(6):607-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00415.x. PMID: 16808744; PMCID: PMC1924634.
- [6] Diatchenko L, Slade GD, Nackley AG, Bhalang K, Sigurdsson A, Belfer I, Goldman D, Xu K, Shabalina SA, Shagin D, Max MB, Makarov SS, Maixner W. Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Jan 1;14(1):135-43. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi013. PMID: 15537663.
- [7] Diatchenko L, Nackley AG, Slade GD, Bhalang K, Belfer I, Max MB, Goldman D, Maixner W. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms are associated with multiple pain-evoking stimuli. Pain. 2006 Dec 5;125(3):216-224. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.024. PMID: 16837133.
- [8] Nackley AG, Shabalina SA, Tchivileva IE, Satterfield K, Korchynskyi O, Makarov SS, Maixner W, Diatchenko L. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes modulate protein expression by altering mRNA secondary structure. Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1930-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1131262. PMID: 17185601.
- [9] Meloto CB, Bortsov AV, Bair E, Helgeson E, Ostrom C, Smith SB, Dubner R, Slade GD, Fillingim RB, Greenspan JD, Ohrbach R, Maixner W, McLean SA, Diatchenko L. Modification of COMT-dependent pain sensitivity by psychological stress and sex. Pain. 2016 Apr;157(4):858-867. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000449. PMID: 26675825; PMCID: PMC4794347.
- [10] Sharma M, Kantorovich S, Lee C, Anand N, Blanchard J, Fung ET, Meshkin B, Brenton A, Richeimer S. An observational study of the impact of genetic testing for pain perception in the clinical management of chronic non-cancer pain. J Psychiatr Res. 2017 Jun;89:65-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.01.015. PMID: 28182962.
- [11] McLean SA, Diatchenko L, Lee YM, Swor RA, Domeier RM, Jones JS, Jones CW, Reed C, Harris RE, Maixner W, Clauw DJ, Liberzon I. Catechol O-methyltransferase haplotype predicts immediate musculoskeletal neck pain and psychological symptoms after motor vehicle collision. J Pain. 2011 Jan;12(1):101-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.05.008. PMID: 20688576; PMCID: PMC2975044.
- [12] Gruber HE, Sha W, Brouwer CR, Steuerwald N, Hoelscher GL, Hanley EN Jr. A novel catechol-O-methyltransferase variant associated with human disc degeneration. Int J Med Sci. 2014 May 15;11(7):748-53. doi: 10.7150/ijms.8770. PMID: 24904231; PMCID: PMC4045795.